"[65] Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. According to one witness, many of the clashes on the street had an air of playfulness rather than seriousness, with security forces using "kid gloves" against the opposition. An economic boom created a widening income gap between the wealthy and the poor, while moves toward a more secular society angered religious traditionalists. [91] By mid-1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected the thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants settling in the cities working in the construction industry. Questions Describe and give examples of the major phases of Iranian art. [19][109][111][112], On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious Muslim People's Republican Party (MPRP) which was associated with Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, and the secular leftist National Democratic Front (NDF). His eventual arrest sparked antigovernment riots, specifically against what the shah was implementing. The period leading up to Iran's Islamic Revolution was a time of major upheaval and reform. Back then, before the Iranian Revolution in 1978 and '79, chadors weren't simply the black uniform of the Ayatollah's followers, but were riotously various, their shades ranging from dove gray. It was the most profitable British business in the world. In 1951, Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh pledged to throw the company out of Iran, reclaim the petroleum reserves and free Iran from foreign powers. Its baffling to see people defend it when it only harms the mass and keeps a small percentage safe from the very rules they impose. [176], There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. Theresa Harrison has been a journalist for more than 20 years. [9][6][100][101], Hoping to break Khomeini's contacts with the opposition, the Shah pressured the Iraqi government to expel him from Najaf. "[174], After the revolution, Khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women, even commending the women for mobilizing men, "you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement, you have proved that you lead the men, men get their inspiration from you, the men of Iran have learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran You are in the vanguard of the movement. Updates? [111], The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and "smelled blood". He ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations, promised free elections and invited the revolutionaries into a government of "national unity". There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo. An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime. Ayatollah Khameneis responses the president & the chairman of SCCR to the questions posed by experts of public relation department of the SCCR in June 1985. [citation needed] The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys. [93], All Iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party, the ezb-e Rastakhiz partyall other parties were banned. The Iranian Islamic Revolution wiped out those gains. [41], The revolution that substituted the monarchy of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi with Islam and Khomeini is credited in part to the spread of the Shi'a version of the Islamic revival. [6][14][116], Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests. In the year 1987, there was the creation of the Social and Cultural Council of Women. [194], The most important bodies of the revolution were the Revolutionary Council, the Revolutionary Guards, Revolutionary Tribunals, Islamic Republican Party, and Revolutionary Committees (komitehs).[195]. Everything that the shah had worked to change, westernization and liberation of women specifically, had been overturned by the new Islamic Republic. After the Islamic revolution, Iranian artists who fled to the United States gradually formed exile communities. [19], On 7 January 1978, an article titled "Iran and Red and Black Colonization" appeared in the national daily Ettela'at newspaper. Rulers often dislike the US and their policies, it was cool to see how Pahlavi tried to change things for women, making them almost equal to men, they could divorce as well as had access to birth control. [95], In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president, Jimmy Carter, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the Red Cross to visit prisons. However, the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffsparticularly among young, unskilled, male workers living in the working-class districts. With this new Islamic republic, many new laws were implemented by Khomeini. After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then, it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $6751 in 2016. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The 1979 revolution, which brought together Iranians across many different social groups, has its roots in Irans long history. [105] On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city, which was cracked down on by the Shah's security forces shooting live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent. Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like Murtaza Mutahhari, Muhammad Beheshti and Mahmoud Taleghani found new opportunity to change conditions. Also, its disturbing that women have little to no rights in the way of marriage and or divorce in Iran. [167], The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in Iranian society. 2013. Other reforms included the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests and profit sharing in industry. Many people were killed by government forces in anti-regime protests, serving only to fuel the violence in a Shii country where martyrdom played a fundamental role in religious expression. These laws included requiring women to wear a veil, the banning of alcohol, and the banning of Western music.9In addition to this, The Family Protection Act was voided.10 The rights that women had gained during the shahs reign were taken away from them, and things had become even more strict. [162] Tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the Iranian Revolution (from January 1978 to February 1979), numbers between 532 and 2,781. [122], The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers,[111] but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. [118], Against the wishes of Khomeini, Shariatmadari called for 17 June mourning protests to be carried out as a one-day stay. But some stall owners in the bazaars, the traditional focal point of Iranian life, complained that it unfairly took business away from local producers. Learn More Women In Iran Learn about women in Iran before and after 1979 Learn More Iranian Culture A decade of extraordinary economic growth, heavy government spending, and a boom in oil prices led to high rates of inflation and the stagnation of Iranians buying power and standard of living. While some argue that the micro-level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies, others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of information, symbols and context which should be studied.[172]. [114] As result, police forces were unable to control demonstrations, thus the army was frequently deployed. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support. This is not an ordinary government. This amounted to a small minority of the more than 15million adults in Iran. On the other side of the ledger, at least one observer argues that despite great effort and expense the only countries outside Iran the revolution had a "measure of lasting influence" on are Lebanon and Iraq. [16], The Cultural Revolution united the theological schools in Qom with state universities and brought secular teachers to Qom for a time. [23] This came after Ahmadinejad was elected as Iran's president in 2005 and became the head of the Council. Originally, film was reserved as a form of entertainment for the Shah's family and aristocratic nobles alone. [142] On 5 February at his headquarters in the Refah School in southern Tehran, he declared a provisional revolutionary government, appointed opposition leader Mehdi Bazargan (from the religious-nationalist Freedom Movement, affiliated with the National Front) as his own prime minister, and commanded Iranians to obey Bazargan as a religious duty. "[173], It has been argued that Khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women's rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti-Shah sentiments. [1] Hojjatol-Islam Mohammad Khatami was appointed as a member of the High Council for Cultural Revolution[21] in 1996[22][citation needed] and became its head in 1997. [284][285] Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction, including a "rift" between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it "impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about. "[9] Attacks continued April 21 and "the next day at the Universities at Ahwaz and Rasht. People accompanying Khomeini from Mehrabad to Behesht Zahra. While women themselves were often killed, tortured, arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities, most contributed in non-violent ways. 1 the iranian revolution transformed iran's government and the lives of all its citizens by making religion a key factor in all new laws that they made, as a reaction to the westernizing While land owners raked in profits from sales, many sharecroppers failed to subsist on their own crops, let alone make a profit. . [106] Between 5300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest. [263] Relations with the USSR became strained as well after the Soviet government condemned Khomeini's repression of certain minorities after the Revolution. [47] The Regency Council established to run the country during the shahs absence proved unable to function, and Prime Minister Shahpur Bakhtiar, hastily appointed by the shah before his departure, was incapable of effecting compromise with either his former National Front colleagues or Khomeini. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power. [166] "Iran Iran" or "Allah Allah" chants are famous revolutionary songs. But in little more than a generation, Iran had changed from a traditional, conservative, and rural society to one that was industrial, modern, and urban. ", Another aspect was that many teachers, engineers, economists, doctors, and technocrats left Iran to escape the Cultural Revolution. [297] Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey. "[199], The Revolutionary Guard, or Pasdaran-e Enqelab, was established by Khomeini on 5 May 1979, as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Shah's military. The Iranian Revolution (Persian: , Enqelb-e Irn [eelbe in]), or the Islamic Revolution ( , Enqelb-e Eslm),[4] refers to a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. Hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly. Along with political criticism, he also received religious criticism from people who thought westernization contradicted Islam.2This is what would later lead to the shahs overthrow by Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers. [110] The informal network of mosques and bazaars, which for years had been used to carry out religious events, increasingly became consolidated as a coordinated protest organization. In his original letter, Khomeini wrote: Set yourselves free from any " ism" and " ist" belonging to the East and the West. They were followed by thousands more Iranian youthmostly unemployed recent immigrants from the countrysidewho began protesting the regimes excesses. Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram, the protests succeeded, and the Shah stepped down from power later that month. Efforts toward satisfactory reform were continually stifled, however, amid reemerging social tensions as well as foreign intervention from Russia, the United Kingdom, and, later, the United States. People celebrating Shah's exit from the country. Protesters frequently went out at night, defying the set curfew, often taking to rooftops and shouting "Allahu-akbar" ('God is great'). [120], As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular National FrontKarim Sanjabi, Shahpour Bakhtiar, and Dariush Forouharwere allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the constitution of Iran. [14][100], The chain of events began with the death of Mostafa Khomeini, chief aide and eldest son of Ruhollah Khomeini. "[138] The marches were led by Ayatollah Taleghani and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi, thus symbolizing the "unity" of the secular and religious opposition. [100][101] Led by the leftist intellectual Saeed Soltanpour, the Iranian Writers Association met at the Goethe Institute in Tehran to read anti-government poetry. On 13 September, central government workers in Tehran simultaneously went on strike. The reviewer, Philip Kennicott, called Iran a vibrant and artistically rich society. [292][293] By 2002, illiteracy rates dropped by more than half. By 1976, the Shah had accumulated upward of $1billion from oil revenue; his family including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $5 and $20billion; and the family foundation controlled approximately $3billion. Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and SAVAK for setting the fire, and,[9][101][124] due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere, the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire, despite the government's insistence that they were uninvolved. In Iran there was an immediate outcry, and both Khomeini and leftist groups demanded the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution. [117][139], Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported. An attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed,[246] and now it was Banisadr who was the rallying point "for all doubters and dissidents" of the theocracy, including the MEK. The British, however, were outraged and accused him of stealing. [324] Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war from $7762 in 1979 to $3699 at the end of the war in 1989. Culture in Iran (Pre-Revolution 33 Learn about Prezi MD Marvin DeVera Thu Apr 21 2016 Outline 21 frames Reader view In the 1950's and 60's, art in Iran was quite modern and contemporary Iran art includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture. 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According to journalist Yaroslav Trofimov, "the Pakistani officers, many of whom had graduated from Western military academies, seemed swayed by the ayatollahs intoxicating words."[276]. [222], After the revolution, human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand. Non-Muslims were required to refrain from behavior `offensive to Muslims,` and were excluded from all fields of study except accounting and foreign languages. This was rejected by Khomeini, who declared that the only condition for peace was that "the regime in Baghdad must fall and must be replaced by an Islamic republic".[259]. Thus, in spite of all government efforts, a cycle of violence began in which each death fueled further protest, and all protestfrom the secular left and religious rightwas subsumed under the cloak of Shii Islam and crowned by the revolutionary rallying cry Allhu akbar (God is great), which could be heard at protests and which issued from the rooftops in the evenings. However, the future Ayatollah Khomeini was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri.[55]. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Demonstrations continued to grow; on December 10, hundreds of thousands of protesters took to the streets in Tehrn alone. [109] Units of Imperial Iranian Army were deployed to the city to restore order, and the death toll, according to government was 6,[114] while Khomeini claimed hundreds were "martyred. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Many of these people are not able to return to Iran still, and some of them may never get the opportunity to go back. [306] Reports of torture, imprisonment of dissidents, and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups. The shahs determination to showcase an increasingly liberal and modern front to the world was not matched by freedom of speech. [303] While persecution occurred before the Revolution since then more than 200 Bahs have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. [229] Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. However Iran was "galvanized"[258] by the invasion and the populace of Iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders. "[89], The oil boom of the 1970s produced an "alarming" increase in inflation, waste and an "accelerating gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country,[90] along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers. Directed by the Cultural Revolutionary Headquarters and later by the Supreme Cultural Revolution Council, the revolution initially closed universities for three years (19801983) and after reopening banned many books and purged thousands of students and lecturers from the schools. [6][14], The developments initiated by seminaries closing on 7 January 1978 followed by the bazaar and seminary closing, and students rallying towards the homes of the religious leaders on the next day. [237], Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when Hezbollahi attacked the protesters,[235] and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader. "[180] Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex. [61][62] Thus, the White Revolution in Iran was an attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns. [176], The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. Particularly controversial was the replacement of Islamic laws with Western ones and the forbidding of traditional Islamic clothing, separation of the sexes, and veiling of women's faces with the niqab. [308], Women especially those from traditional backgrounds participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution. The Iranian Revolution led to the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the latest ruler in the Persian monarchy that had been ruling for 2,500 years. Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school. [207] Violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy,[305] and in any case extremely grave. Due to its dominant geopolitical position in the world, it has heavily influenced peoples and cultures situated as far away as Southern Europe and Eastern Europe to the west; Central Asia . I understand the necessity for religion to find its own medium for it to function, but I suppose its disappointing to know that something as controlling like this is currently a harsh reality that more specifically, women will have to go through. [109], The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory, capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting. In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations. He settled in a holy city in Iraq where he continued to speak out against the shah and call for his overthrow and the establishment of an Islamic republic. 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