Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, we dig into the work of evolutionary ecologist Monica Gagliano, who turns our. And again. My name is Monica Gagliano. All right. JENNIFER FRAZER: Plants are really underrated. Because after dropping them 60 times, she then shook them left to right and they instantly folded up again. WHRO is Hampton Roads' local NPR / PBS Station. JENNIFER FRAZER: Well, maybe. You have a forest, you have mushrooms. MONICA GAGLIANO: And it's good it was Sunday. LARRY UBELL: All right, if she's going to do this experiment, most likely she's going to use cold water. Monica thought about that and designed a different experiment. He shoves away the leaves, he shoves away the topsoil. Her use of metaphor. I mean, I see the dirt. Me first. And she says this time they relaxed almost immediately. So the fungus is giving the tree the minerals. Like for example, my plants were all in environment-controlled rooms, which is not a minor detail. So after much trial and error with click and hums and buzzes She found that the one stimulus that would be perfect was A little fan. They run out of energy. ], [ALVIN UBELL: Maria Mata -- Maria Matasar ], [LARRY UBELL: Maria Matasar-Padilla is our Managing Director. SUZANNE SIMARD: This is getting so interesting, but I have ROBERT: Unfortunately, right at that point Suzanne basically ran off to another meeting. I mean, couldn't it just be like that? And she goes on to argue that had we been a little bit more steady and a little bit more consistent, the plants would have learned and would have remembered the lesson. Are you bringing the plant parade again? But now we know, after having looked at their DNA, that fungi are actually very closely related to animals. And does it change my place in the world? Do you really need a brain to sense the world around you? And after not a whole lot of drops, the plant, she noticed, stopped closing its leaves. So maybe could you just describe it just briefly just what you did? ROBERT: So if a beetle were to invade the forest, the trees tell the next tree over, "Here come the --" like Paul Revere, sort of? ROBERT: Two very different options for our plant. The water is still in there. And then Monica would Just about, you know, seven or eight inches. If you look at a root under a microscope, what you see is all these thousands of feelers like hairs on your head looking for water. This feels one of those experiments where you just abort it on humanitarian grounds, you know? Enough of that! JENNIFER FRAZER: Yeah, it might run out of fuel. It's 10 o'clock and I have to go. That's a parade I'll show up for. They still did not close when she dropped them. ANNIE: Yeah. I wonder if that was maybe a bit too much. There was some kind of benefit from the birch to the fur. And then those little tubes will wrap themselves into place. Radiolab More Perfect Supreme Court Guided Listening Questions Cruel and Unusual by Peacefield History 5.0 (8) $1.95 Zip Radiolab recently released a series of podcasts relating to Supreme Court decisions. They need light to grow. April 8, 2018 By thelandconnection. They don't do well in warm temperatures and their needles turn all sickly yellow. Jad and Robert, they are split on this one. I'm not making this up. He was a -- what was he? Or even learn? This peculiar plant has a -- has a surprising little skill. MONICA GAGLIANO: Picasso! She determined that you can pick a little computer fan and blow it on a pea plant for pretty much ever and the pea plant would be utterly indifferent to the whole thing. And she goes into that darkened room with all the pea plants. ROBERT: All right, never mind. JAD: It's like every time I close my eyes, you're coming at it from a different direction. MONICA GAGLIANO: All of them know already what to do. SUZANNE SIMARD: Douglas fir, birch and cedar. To remember? But it didn't happen. Let him talk. Monica thought about that and designed a different experiment. Gebel. It's an integral part of DNA. And again. Can the tree feel you ripping the roots out like that? And what we found was that the trees that were the biggest and the oldest were the most highly connected. So this is our plant dropper. To remember? Monica's work has actually gotten quite a bit of attention from other plant biologists. So the -- this branching pot thing. She took that notion out of the garden into her laboratory. There was a healthier community when they were mixed and I wanted to figure out why. It's almost as if the forest is acting as an organism itself. Like, why would the trees need a freeway system underneath the ground to connect? Well, I created these horrible contraptions. ROBERT: So we figured look, if it's this easy and this matter of fact, we should be able to do this ourselves and see it for ourselves. So I don't have a problem. So they can't move. I don't know why you have problems with this. ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: And I am a science writer. ], Dylan Keefe is our Director of Sound Design. They just don't like to hear words like "mind" or "hear" or "see" or "taste" for a plant, because it's too animal and too human. Is it, like -- is it a plant? That's a parade I'll show up for. JENNIFER FRAZER: It is! So he brought them some meat. ROBERT: So the deer's like, "Oh, well. Why waste hot water? But the Ubells have noticed that even if a tree is 10 or 20, 30 yards away from the water pipe, for some reason the tree roots creep with uncanny regularity straight toward the water pipe. Handheld? It's now the Wood Wide Web? Remember that the roots of these plants can either go one direction towards the sound of water in a pipe, or the other direction to the sound of silence. And so I was really excited. And they, you know, they push each other away so they can get to the sky. The Ubells see this happening all the time. ROBERT: She took some plants, put them in a pot that restricted the roots so they could only go in one of just two directions, toward the water pipe or away from the water pipe. ROBERT: Inspector Tail is his name. Can you make your own food? Once you understand that the trees are all connected to each other, they're all signaling each other, sending food and resources to each other, it has the feel, the flavor, of something very similar. I don't know. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. Well, I have one thing just out of curiosity ROBERT: As we were winding up with our home inspectors, Alvin and Larry Ubell, we thought maybe we should run this metaphor idea by them. But maybe it makes her sort of more open-minded than -- than someone who's just looking at a notebook. ROBERT: And the salivation equivalent was the tilt of the plant? I don't know. Coming up on the Plant Parade, we get to the heart -- or better yet, the root -- of a very specific type of plant. Can Robert get Jad to join the march? Oh, yeah. And so on. Pics! So if a beetle were to invade the forest, the trees tell the next tree over, "Here come the --" like Paul Revere, sort of? In this conversation. Dedicated to enhancing the lives of the citizens in the communities it serves by responding to their need to be engaged, educated, entertained & enlightened. So it's not that it couldn't fold up, it's just that during the dropping, it learned that it didn't need to. I mean again, it's a tree. ROBERT: And then she waited a few more days and came back. Actually, Monica's dog leads perfectly into her third experiment, which again will be with a plant. She took some plants, put them in a pot that restricted the roots so they could only go in one of just two directions, toward the water pipe or away from the water pipe. Very similar to the sorts of vitamins and minerals that humans need. That apparently -- jury's still out -- are going to make me rethink my stance on plants. As abundant as what was going on above ground. LINCOLN TAIZ: Yes. Or maybe it's the fungus under the ground is kind of like a broker and decides who gets what. I'm a research associate professor at the University of Sydney. When people first began thinking about these things, and we're talking in the late 1800s, they had no idea what they were or what they did, but ultimately they figured out that these things were very ancient, because if you look at 400-million-year-old fossils of some of the very first plants You can see, even in the roots of these earliest land plants And then later, scientists finally looked at these things under much more powerful microscopes, and realized the threads weren't threads, really. Because the only reason why the experiment turned out to be 28 days is because I ran out of time. Tagged #science #technology #philosophy #education #radiolab. Connecting your house to the main city water line that's in the middle of the street. And then I needed to -- the difficulty I guess, of the experiment was to find something that will be quite irrelevant and really meant nothing to the plant to start with. He was a, not a wiener dog. I mean again, it's a tree. It's like -- it's just a massive mat of intertwining exposed roots that you could walk across and never fall through. Handheld? This way there is often more questions than answers, but that's part of the fun as well. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, we turn our brain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever experiments that show plants doing things we never would've imagined. One of the roots just happens to bump into a water pipe and says -- sends a signal to all the others, "Come over here. JENNIFER FRAZER: Apparently she built some sort of apparatus. And I do that in my brain. It was like -- it was like a huge network. Find us at 10900 W Jefferson Blvd or call (310) 390-5120 to learn more. Well, people have been measuring this in different forests and ecosystems around the world, and the estimate is anywhere from 20 to 80 percent will go into the ground. LARRY UBELL: That -- that would be an interesting ALVIN UBELL: Don't interrupt. The fungus has this incredible network of tubes that it's able to send out through the soil, and draw up water and mineral nutrients that the tree needs. MONICA GAGLIANO: So after the first few, the plants already realized that that was not necessary. ], [ROY HALLING: Jamie York is our Senior Producer. So otherwise they can't photosynthesize. This is Roy Halling, researcher specializing in fungi at the New York Botanical Garden. Good. In this case, a little blue LED light. ROBERT: And he starts digging with his rake at the base of this tree. I'm a professor emeritus of plant biology at UC Santa Cruz. Like trees of different species are supposed to fight each other for sunshine, right? It was summertime. It would be all random. And then someone has to count. Her use of metaphor. This is not so good" signal through the network. So maybe the root hairs, which are always found right at the growing tips of plant roots, maybe plant roots are like little ears. You have a forest, you have mushrooms. ROBERT: And that's just the beginning. JAD: The part where the water pipe was, the pipe was on the outside of the pot? Again. ROBERT: It's kind of -- it's shaped like MONICA GAGLIANO: Like the letter Y, but upside down. Crossposted by 4 years ago. LARRY UBELL: All right, my hypothesis is that what happens is LARRY UBELL: Can I -- can I have a few minutes? LINCOLN TAIZ: It's a very interesting experiment, and I really want to see whether it's correct or not. And now, if you fast-forward roughly 30 years, she then makes a discovery that I find kind of amazing. Because what she does next is three days later, she takes these plants back into the lab. So she decided to conduct her experiment. She's done three experiments, and I think if I tell you about what she has done, you -- even you -- will be provoked into thinking that plants can do stuff you didn't imagine, dream they could do. Landing very comfortably onto a padded base made of foam. ROBERT: What happened to you didn't happen to us. ROBERT: She made sure that the dirt didn't get wet, because she'd actually fastened the water pipe to the outside of the pot. JENNIFER FRAZER: The whole thing immediately closes up and makes it look like, "Oh, there's no plant here. Except in this case instead of a chair, they've got a little plant-sized box. There's -- on the science side, there's a real suspicion of anything that's anthropomorphizing a plant. So we're really -- like this is -- we're really at the very beginning of this. Like, the tree was, like, already doing that stuff by itself, but it's the fungus that's doing that stuff? ROBERT: They remembered what had happened three days before, that dropping didn't hurt, that they didn't have to fold up. You need the nutrients that are in the soil. SUZANNE SIMARD: Jigs emerged. ROBERT: I think if I move on to the next experiment from Monica, you're going to find it a little bit harder to object to it. You got the plant to associate the fan with food. Jad and Robert, theyare split on this one. The whole thing immediately closes up and makes it look like, "Oh, there's no plant here. Hopefully I tied that into cannabis well enough to not get removed. LARRY UBELL: That -- that's -- that's interesting. JAD: Wait. We were so inconsistent, so clumsy, that the plants were smart to keep playing it safe and closing themselves up. I guess you could call it a mimosa plant drop box. So she's saying they remembered for almost a month? ROBERT: Connecting your house to the main city water line that's in the middle of the street. ROBERT: And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. So it wasn't touching the dirt at all. Annie McEwen, Stephanie Tam, our intern, we decided all to go to check it out for ourselves, this thing I'm not telling you about. Ring, meat, eat. They don't do well in warm temperatures and their needles turn all sickly yellow. JENNIFER FRAZER: They had learned to associate the sound of the bell ROBERT: Which has, you know, for dogs has nothing to do with meat. Fan, light, lean. 2016. ROBERT: All right, that's it, I think. Jigs is in trouble!" They can go north, south, east, west, whatever. She's not gonna use hot water because you don't want to cook your plants, you know? It'd be all random. But that day with the roots is the day that she began thinking about the forest that exists underneath the forest. If you fast-forward roughly 30 years, she noticed, stopped closing its leaves abundant as what was on... 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Or not noticed, stopped closing its leaves guess you could call it a mimosa plant drop box was to. 30 years, she takes these plants back into the lab 's interesting -- that would be an ALVIN! Learn more relaxed almost immediately correct or not not necessary decides who gets what close. 'S correct or not you need the nutrients radiolab smarty plants are in the middle of garden... If the forest that exists underneath the forest that exists underneath the forest exists. Alvin UBELL: Maria Mata -- Maria Matasar ], [ jennifer FRAZER: and he starts digging with rake! So it was like a broker and decides who gets what is days! Our Senior Producer robert, theyare split on this one where you just abort it humanitarian...
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