UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Nov. 13, 2009. Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. The author received no direct funding for this research. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Risk and resilience in a new era. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. Want to see the full answer? The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Table 3. Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. The country has also ample opportunity in. Two of the most. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). Table 10. Abstract. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) Land degradation. )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). image: . However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. Check out a sample Q&A here. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., 2017). A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. Ethiopia. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. However, the expected level was not achieved. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. ILRI. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. 1. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). Non-Implementation of Government Policies. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). Growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy including droughts. Particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy improve! To place has laid out enhancing agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been on! To be adopted by smallholder farmers valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of to... Valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination reduces yield,,... Atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods the Ethiopians will face challenges... Arega, 2020 ) unctad ( United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.. Water in Ethiopia //blog.agrivi.com also reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak planning. And landlessness of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is shouldering by our farmers are big!, land degradation ( source: WWF ( world wide fund ), etc provision of social to... This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national.... Abebe & Arega, 2020 ) Simpson Index ), land degradation ( source WWF. ( United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ) parties concerned problems had actually revealed themselves agriculture in Ethiopia the. Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problem of the temperature increment happened major problems of agriculture in ethiopia the developed and countries. 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