One of the nations most fascinatingand ultimately significantspy cases began in the summer of 1953, when a Brooklyn newspaper boy dropped a nickel he had just earned. Svirin, however, had returned to Moscow two years previously. Additionally, the kind of typewriter which had been used in preparing the coded message could not be identified. ALL THE DATA ABOUT YOURSELF, PLACE OF WORK, ADDRESS, ETC., MUST NOT BE TRANSMITTED IN ONE CIPHER MESSAGE. Donovan is widely known for negotiating the 19601962 exchange of captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers and American student Frederic Pryor for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. Events. Donovan top left convinced the judge not to issue Soviet spy Rudolf Abel top right the death penalty arguing Abel could be traded for a captured American in the future. This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 06:26. Updates? His primary objective was to identify anti-Soviet elements among the intelligentsia. Your email address will not be published. He served just over four years of his sentence before he was exchanged for captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. Back in the Soviet Union, he lectured on his experiences. [16] In 1921, following the Russian Revolution, the Fisher family left Newcastle upon Tyne to return to Moscow. Among the items he had been supplied by the Soviets were hollow pens, pencils, screws, batteries, and coinsin some instances magnetized so they would adhere to metal objects. He receives a phone call. He became friends with two other convicted Soviet spies. For the past five years, I have been operating in the United States. [24] Fisher's role in this operation was rewarded with what his superiors regarded as one of the most prestigious postings in Soviet foreign intelligence, the United States. Contributed by Jonathan Stevenson / Bridge of Spies begins and ends with a painting. Although he refused to discuss his intelligence activities, the photo studio and hotel room which he occupied were virtual museums of modern espionage equipment. While efforts were being made to decode the message on the microphotograph, FBI agents in New York launched an investigation to find the source of the hollow coin. Fisher, however, was arrested before he could adopt his new identity and leave the United States. [65], Fisher served just over four years of his sentence. On November 15, 1957, Brooklyn judge Mortimer W. Byers sentenced Soviet spy Rudolf Abel to consecutive terms of 30, 10, and 5 years in prison and fined him $3,000. His real identity and country of birth were only revealed after his death. More like Jamess uncle from that place far. At Donovan's initial meeting with Fisher, the latter accepted Donovan as his defense counsel. The case, which had made international headlines and turned James Donovan into a public pariah, faded into obscurity. Why was abel painting a portrait of himself? Through March 19, 2023 Frank Lloyd Wright's Graycliff. During this period, FBI agents discreetly tied together the loose ends of the investigation, matters which had to be resolved before this Russian intelligence officer could be taken into custody. During August of 1957 the US. [10] Having been adopted as a protg by Pavel Sudoplatov, he took part in Operation Scherhorn ( , Operatsiya Berezino) in August 1944. It wasn't until May 1960, when the Russians shot down the U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers, that Abel's case, in particular Donovan's talk of spy exchanges, became relevant again. He moved to Russia in the 1920s, and served in the Soviet military before undertaking foreign service as a radio operator in Soviet intelligence in the late 1920s and early 30s. 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The Cohens were quickly spirited to Mexico before moving on to Moscow. [27], On 26 November, Fisher met with Soviet "illegal" Josef Romvoldovich Grigulevich (codenamed "MAKS" or "ARTUR"). [20] That year he married Elena Lebedeva, a harp student at Moscow Conservatoire. The search for this storage room led FBI agents to a building at 252 Fulton Street. When he resumed the mission, Moscow changed his liaison person. True Story Of James Donovan Rudolf Abel James Donovan Painting. They were not convinced he might actually be a Russian spy until he produced a hollow Finnish 5-mark coin. [6], Fisher and his brother, Henry,[11] won scholarships to Whitley Bay High School and Monkseaton High School. Less than three weeks later, FBI agents arrived at 252 Fulton Street in pursuit of the mysterious Mark. Since Goldfus appeared to answer the description of Hayhanens espionage superior, surveillance was established near his photo studio. GREETINGS FROM THE COMRADES. He became friends with two other convicted Soviet spies. [59] The Brooklyn Bar Association approached several prominent trial lawyers with political ambitions, all of whom declined the case. He described Mikhail as probably between 40 and 50 years old; medium build; long, thin nose; dark hair; and about five feet, nine inches tall. He also sent different important information to Moscow, for example about the foundation of the CIA, sending American troops to Europe and the atomic bombing of Soviet cities in case a war with the USSR started. In one of the dead drops mentioned by Hayhanena hole in a set of cement steps in Prospect ParkFBI agents found a hollowed-out bolt. Among the tenants was one Emil R. Goldfus, a photographer who had operated a studio on the fifth floor since January, 1954and who also had formerly rented a fifth-floor storage room there. -It's History (YouTube), As stated in the Bridge of Spies movie, despite being a civilian for more than a decade, Donovan had experience from working at the Nuremberg war crime trials as an associate prosecutor on the personal staff of Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson. Donovan takes on the unpopular task of defending Rudolph Abel the. He only speaks of seeing heavily armed East German guards at the wall, along with observation towers and machine-gun emplacements. ACCORDING TO YOUR REQUEST, WE WILL TRANSMIT THE FORMULA FOR THE PREPARATION OF SOFT FILM AND NEWS SEPARATELY, TOGETHER WITH (YOUR) MOTHERS LETTER.4. He introduced himself as Rudolf Abel. Why does Rudolf Abel compare James Donovan to The Standing Man. During this period, he was most cautious to avoid suspicion or attracting attention to himselfhis Soviet superiors wanting him to become established as an ordinary, hard-working citizen. Hyhnen fabricated stories to justify his delay, claiming to Fisher that the FBI had taken him off the RMS Queen Mary. He deliberately fooled his wife. Nearly 10 years later, Mark was to admit that he had used Kayotis passport during the fall of 1948 in booking passage aboard an ocean liner from LeHavre, France, to Canada. Months of determined probing by the FBIs scientists and investigative staff had led merely to one blind alley after another. He betrayed parts of the American nuclear program and was exposed for a banal mistake. The newsboy accidentally dropped the nickel and it broke in half, revealing a microphotograph containing a series of numbers. [48] The Canadian Communist Party succeeded in obtaining a new passport for Fisher in the name of Robert Callan. When his research led him to obtain material that the East Germans deemed confidential, they arrested him and the prosecutor demanded the death penalty. Soviet spy Rudolph Abel (left) leaves Federal Court here after being sentenced to 30 years in prison and fined $3,000 for conspiring to spy against the U.S. Fisher rejected the requests to work for the U.S. Government and didnt give the Americans any information about him and his work. Should he be inside or outside? On November 15, 1957, attorney James B. Donovan, who represented Soviet spy Rudolf Abel, urged Judge Mortimer W. Byers not to consider the death penalty for his client. During Abels trial Donovan was up against a difficult test since the local New York population the media and all the government agencies involved in the case had already made up their minds that Abel who had spent nine years undetected in the US. In the R of the word TRUST, there was a tiny holeobviously drilled there so that a fine needle or other small instrument could be inserted to force the nickel open. Abell Auction has been a family-run, serviced-oriented business since 1916.Originally a furniture store in Los Angeles, founder A.N. Donovan had pulled off the swap. The Soviet intelligence officer Alexander Belov appeared before readers as some sort of James Bond modification, with adventurous antics and immoral acts. Since the FBI Laboratory maintains a reference file concerning typewriters manufactured in the United States, a foreign-made typewriter undoubtedly was involved. The painter in question is Rudolf Abel (brilliantly played by Mark Rylance with wry, mournful soul), first seen serenely composing a self-portrait in his Brooklyn apartment in 1957, at the height of Cold War dread and paranoia. Hayhanen obtained the impression that Mikhail was a Soviet diplomatic officialpossibly attached to the embassy or the United Nations. Abell bought the business from a family member in 1912, changed the name to Liberty Auctions and . [42], In 1954, Hyhnen began working as Fisher's assistant. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Lona Cohen (codenamed "LESLE") and her husband Morris Cohen (codenamed "LUIS" and "VOLUNTEER") had run the Volunteer network and were seasoned couriers. One year laterJuly 28, 1952a passport was issued to Hayhanen as Eugene Maki at Helsinki. While his KGB training continued, Hayhanen worked as a mechanic in the City of Valga, Estonia. The painter in question is Rudolf Abel (brilliantly played by Mark Rylance with wry, mournful soul), first seen serenely composing a self-portrait in his Brooklyn apartment in 1957, at the height of Cold War dread and paranoia. He sent her a cable from London telling her he was heading to Scotland. In 1957, the U.S. Federal Court in New York convicted Fisher on three counts of conspiracy as a Soviet spy for his involvement in what became known as the Hollow Nickel Case and sentenced him to 30 years' imprisonment at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, Georgia. [2] Once the FBI had a positive identification, they stepped up surveillance, following Fisher from his studio to the Hotel Latham. Character Analysis. The proprietors of novelty stores and related business establishments in the New York vicinity were contacted. Upon his return to New York in 1956, he found that his carefully constructed network had been left to disintegrate in his absence. FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. Department of Justice. Thats Mark.. "Our principles are engraved in the history and the law of this land," Donovan said in 1962. The letter, measuring 10 x 8", is in pristine . CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers had taken off from a military airbase in Peshawar, Pakistan on a mission to secretly photograph Russian military sites deep within Soviet airspace. FBI Laboratory experts examined this Finnish coin on May 17, 1957. Two months later, however, he was conscripted by the Communists secret police, the NKVD. [2] During that time he received money from his superiors left in dead-letter boxes in the Bronx and Manhattan. [45] Fisher, unsuspecting, advised Hyhnen to leave the U.S. immediately to avoid FBI surveillance and handed him $200 for travel expenses. He died in 1971 at the age of 68. The detective had received his information from another police officer whose daughter was acquainted with the newsboy. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In 2008, Yuri Linkevich shot the documentary "Unknown Abel". [22] One of the students was the Canadian-born Russian spy Kitty Harris, who was later more widely known as "The Spy with Seventeen Names". Investigation was to establish that the Emil Goldfus whose birth certificate Mark displayed had died in infancy. WE CONFIRM THE RECEIPT OF YOUR LETTER TO THE ADDRESS `V REPEAT V AND THE READING OF LETTER NUMBER 1.2. Six months later Abel sent Donovan two 16th-century vellum-bound editions of the Commentaries on the Justinian Code. The key to this mystery proved to be a 36-year-old Lieutenant Colonel of the Soviet State Security Service (KGB). He displayed a birth certificate from the state of Idaho which showed that he was born in Enaville on May 30, 1919, and, in the presence of a Vice Consul, he executed an affidavit in which he explained that his family had left the United States in 1928: I accompanied my mother to Estonia when I was eight years of age and resided with her until her death in 1941. The agents immediately suspected that they had found a coded espionage message. Yes. Franks work was considered to be very successful, but, on December 31, 1938, Fisher was fired from the intelligence service. [45], During Fisher's detainment the FBI had been searching his hotel room and photo studio, where they discovered espionage equipment including shortwave radios, cipher pads, cameras and film for producing microdots, a hollow shaving brush, and numerous "trick" containers including hollowed-out bolts. He refused to cooperate at all. They carefully wrapped the nickel and microphotograph for shipment to the FBI Laboratory. However, during his defense of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel, Donovan and his family did receive vindictive letters and threatening phone calls, to the point that he had to have the phone line switched to an unlisted number until the trial was over. Click here to find out more. To use content beyond the scope of this license, permission is required. a i, How To Paint Window To Look Like Stained Glass, cho c nh , WE CONGRATULATE YOU ON A SAFE ARRIVAL. Events Submenu. Cng ty em ang lm th ng k, Cng Ty CP Truyn Thng Inspirato When they found a safe place to talk properly, Fisher hugged Sokolov - by that time, he hadnt seen fellow agents for a year. He died in 1971 at the age of 68. He dropped this coin to the floor. President John F. Kennedy commuted Abels sentence, and, on February 10, 1962, in a ceremony on a bridge between West Berlin and East Germany (Potsdam), Abel was exchanged for Powers and Frederic L. Pryor, an American student who had been held without charge in East Germany since August 1961. [27] The real Goldfus had died at only 14 months, having been born on August 2, 1902, in New York. It fell apart! While in Moscow, Fisher informed his superiors of his dissatisfaction with Hyhnen. Memorability Metrics. There were two ladies in the apartment across from the one occupied by Jimmys customer. Find an Event; Learn & Create Submenu. Ill ask the people across the hall, he said. Fisher could not leave the country as Martin Collins, Emil Goldfus, or even the long-forgotten Andrew Kayotis. He adopted his alias when arrested on charges of conspiracy by FBI agents in 1957. display The action remained secret until it was successfully completed. [31] During this period, Fisher received the Order of the Red Banner, an important Soviet medal normally reserved for military personnel. From the outset, it was obvious that they had found no Utopia on the border of the Soviet Union. The bridge links Berlin with Potsdam and was unique in that it was a place where the Soviet Union and the United States stood directly opposite one another. [46], Upon his arrival in the United States, Hyhnen was interrogated by the FBI and proved very cooperative. After five years in the United States, he dreaded the thought of going back to his communist-ruled homeland. He also must be identified. Fisher, or "Rudolf Ivanovich Abel", was to serve his sentence (as prisoner 80016A)[64] at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, Georgia. For the next seven months the hollow nickel travelled around the New York City economy, unopened. The information which he provided was applied by FBI Laboratory experts to the microphotograph from the Jefferson nickel. After their introduction at this theater, Hayhanen and Mark held frequent meetings in Prospect Park, on crowded streets, and in other inconspicuous places in the area of Greater New York. [2] The prosecution failed to find any other alleged members of Fisher's spy network, if there were any. On June 15, a photograph of Goldfus which the FBI took with a hidden camera was shown to Hayhanen. Cho c nh , c ai np thuyt minh bo co ti chnh nm qua mng cha , sa, Cho c nh On June 21, 1957, he was arrested by the FBI, and on October 25, 1957, a federal district court in Brooklyn found him guilty of espionage, relying in part on testimony by Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Reino Hayhanen, who had defected to the West and who stated that he had been Abels chief coconspirator in the United States. Rudolf Abel was a Soviet spy who was arrested in 1957 and sentenced to 30 years in prison. If thats `Mark, hell return, they correctly surmised. Image via Awesome Stories]. Still using Kayotis' passport, he went to Montreal and crossed into the United States on 17 November. [47] Hyhnen was also able to solve the mystery of the "hollow nickel," which the FBI had been unable to decipher for four years. He later served in an instructional role before taking part in intelligence operations against the Germans during World War II. Yet, the relentless search to identify the person who had brought the hollow nickel to New York, as well as the person for whom the coded message was intended, continued. Yes. Obviously the painting shown in Spielbergs movie Bridge of Spies, painted by Able of Donovan was just the Directors idea to solidify the friendship between these two men. They sold their belongings and left their Idaho farm for New York to book passage on a ship to Europe. [15][16] Though Fisher qualified for university, the costs prohibited him from attending. This description was matched against the descriptions of Soviet representatives who had been in the United States between 1952 and 1954. -The Milwaukee Journal. James Britt Donovan was an American lawyer and United States Navy officer in the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the Office of Strategic Services ultimately becoming general counsel of the OSS and an international diplomatic negotiator. The case, which had made international headlines and turned James Donovan into a public pariah, faded into obscurity. He also did not start with a cold in part due to not having his overcoat. Napalm Elegy / White Night, 1970. Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, real name William August Fisher, was a Soviet intelligence officer. [43][45] Hyhnen arrived in Paris on May Day, having sailed from the U.S. aboard La Libert. According to the lieutenant general of the Foreign Intelligence V. G. Pavlov: The very first chapter of the novel, called The Shield and the Sword, aroused categorical objections from me and R. I. Abel. By June 3, 1957, the full text of the microphotograph was known. Award-winning blogazine, primarily about painting. If you suspect that you are under surveillance, place a white thumb tack on the board.. On 18 December 2015, on the eve of the Day of State Security Officers (a professional holiday), a grand opening ceremony of the memorial plaque to William Genrikhovich Fisher took place in. He also created a radio network for a proper connection of local resident agents with the Soviet center. Prior to his departure, Hyhnen returned to Bear Mountain Park and retrieved the buried $5,000 for his own use. In his first letter to his wife, sent from the prison in 1958, he wrote he had been sentenced to 30 years, but was feeling fine practicing mathematics and painting. Four days later, instead of continuing his journey to the Soviet Union he entered the American embassy in Paris, announcing that he was a KGB officer and asking for asylum. Rudolf Abel, 55, accused Russian master spy, is wide-eyed and close-mouthed as he arrives in New York City from Texas, Aug. 8, 1957. 0 0. On November 14, 1948, he disembarked from the ship at Quebecand quickly dropped out of sight. The hollowed-out area is too small to hide anything aside from a tiny piece of paper. In the summer of 1948, Hayhanen was called to Moscow by the KGB. Abel is spared the death penalty, and put to use as trade bait for U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers, who is shot down by Soviet surface-to-air missiles while taking photographs of Soviet military installations from 70,000 feet. Despite his modest background, Hayhanen was an honor student and, in 1939, obtained the equivalent of a certificate to teach high school. In 1931, Fisher went to Norway for his first mission under the guise of a radiotechnic seller. [4] He served just over four years of his sentence before he was exchanged for captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. Abel leaves his apartment and walks around the city, unaware of a man, Agent Blasco (Domenick Lombardozzi) stepping out of a cab to follow him. [32][69], After his return to Moscow, Fisher was employed by the Illegals Directorate of the KGB's First Chief Directorate, giving speeches and lecturing school children on intelligence work, but became increasingly disillusioned. Fisher was born and grew up in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North of England in the United Kingdom to Russian migr parents. This man occasionally walked about the park; he appeared to be nervous; and he created the impression that he was looking for someonepossibly attempting to determine any unusual activity in the neighborhood. [63] In Abel v. United States, the United States Supreme Court upheld his conviction by a vote of 54. [41] Fisher sometimes related made-up stories of previous lives, as a Boston accountant and a lumberjack in the Pacific Northwest. Soviet spy Rudolf Abel has been working in the United States for several years. In examining the nickel, agents of the FBIs New York Office noted that the microphotograph appeared to portray nothing more then ten columns of typewritten numbers. [33][34][35] The thumbtack signaled to Fisher that Hyhnen, his new assistant, had arrived. [Image at top: An image of Abel's actual apartment at 252 Fulton Street in DUMBO. Rudolf Abel is the antithesis of everything you think when you hear the word spy. Donovan is widely known for negotiating the 19601962 exchange of captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers and American student Frederic Pryor for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. The idea is to provide a semblance of due process to uphold Americas image of liberal rectitude on the way to Abels inevitable execution. Encouraging their son's love of music, Fisher's parents gave him piano lessons; he also learned to play the guitar. He couldnt burn the personal letters from his wife and daughter, written in Russian. She disappeared for a moment, then returned with a purse in her hand. A lady answered the door. [60] Donovan subsequently brought in attorney Thomas M. Debevoise to assist him;[61] Fisher was tried in Federal Court at New York City during October 1957, on three counts:[59]. To an embassy official, the Russian espionage agent explained, Im an officer in the Soviet intelligence service. Upon opening the coin a square of microfilm was revealed. It ought to be something that you like every time you take a close look at it also it needs to cause you to get happy. There is absolutely no doubt about it. Kayotis had been in poor health and died while visiting relatives in Vilnius, Lithuania. There, he worked for a while with agents Lona and Morris Cohen, who described him as a highly cultured and spiritually rich person. After working as a spy in America for approximately ten years, Abel had become unhappy with his assistant over his drinking, arguing with his wife, and hiring of prostitutes. [11] They had one child together, a daughter named Evelyn who was born on 8 October 1929. Mark made another admissionthat he was a Russian citizen, Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, born July 2, 1902 in the Soviet Union. The initial scene of Mark Rylance's character, Rudolf Abel, painting his self portrait using a mirror would produce a mirror image portrait with the subject facing to the left. Donovan takes his job as an advocate far more seriously and does it far better than the CIA and most other Americans, some of whom threaten and harass him, hoped he would. An investigation which had started with a newsboys hollow nickel ultimately resulted in the smashing of a Soviet spy ring. The money Hyhnen received from the KGB to support the network was instead spent on alcohol and prostitutes. Additional Information - Hollow Nickel, Hidden . The trail of the hollow nickel ended when a thirteen-year-old newsboy was collecting for his weekly deliveries. The detective, in turn, gave the coin to the FBI. This man was followed down Fulton Street to a nearby subway station. Although the FBI was convinced that it had finally identified the Soviet espionage apparatus which was responsible for the hollow Jefferson nickel, only one half of the mystery posed by this coin since its discovery in June 1953 had been solved. High quality Rudolf Abel inspired art board prints by independent artists and designers from around the world. Tom Hanks and Mark Rylance portray Donovan and Abel in the movie bottom. The East Germans were hoping for a propaganda trial that would force the United States to publicly recognize the East German government, something that the U.S. had refused to do. They contained shortwave radios, cipher pads, cameras and film for producing microdots, a hollow shaving brush, cuff links, and numerous other trick containers. Bridge Of Spies concentrates on the role of James Donovan played by Tom Hanks the courageous insurance lawyer who agreed to defend Abel in court at a time when anti-Russian feeling was at its. It had been hollowed out, and there was a small hole in the first a of the word Tasavalta which appeared on the tail side of this coin. The KGB Center, with the help of KGB's Ottawa resident, set about procuring two new passports for Fisher in the names of Robert Callan and Vasili Dzogol, but this process would take time. Goldfus's birth certificate was obtained by the NKVD at the end of the Spanish Civil War, when the Centre would collect identity documents from International Brigades members for use in espionage operations. The same year, Fisher was involved in a disinformation operation called Monastyr (Monastery), where he was in charge of the technical part and taught an agent named Alexander Demyanov to work with the radio. He adopted his alias when arrested on charges of conspiracy by the FBI in 1957. . Rudolf Baranik. Posing as a painter his studio across the street from the local FBI office was guilty. Svirin was beyond reach of American justice. Fisher or Rudolf Ivanovich Abel was to serve his sentence as prisoner 80016A at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary Georgia. . After World War II, Fisher was sent to the U.S. as a deep-cover agent with the codename Mark. What catchphrase does Abel always say when Donovan asks if he's . On February 10, 1962, Rudolf Invanovich Abel was exchanged for the American U-2 pilot, Francis Gary Powers, who was a prisoner of the Soviet Union. Fisher was born William August Fisher[5] on 11 July 1903, in the Benwell area of Newcastle upon Tyne,[6] the second son of Heinrich and Lyubov Fisher. The face of the coin was a 1948 Jefferson nickel. The real James B. Kennedy thanks James B. FBI agents were convinced he fit the description of "MARK". Donovan who is entrusted with negotiating the release of Francis Gary Powersa pilot whose U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Unionin exchange for Rudolf Abel a captive Soviet KGB spy held under the custody of the United States. The letter, dated June 12, 1960, was written approximately two years before the famous "Spy Trade" between Rudolf Abel and Francis Gary Powers would take place. Inside was a tiny photographapparently a picture of a series of numbers. Description. Negotiated by Donovan, the exchange occurs, as it did in the actual event, in February 1962 on Berlins Glienicke Bridge the Bridge of Spies. She was to join him in the United States on February 20, 1953four months after his arrival here. Representing Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957 after many lawyers refused to do so Donovan did so despite bad publicity and a bad name it would make for him. [Image at top: An image of Abels actual apartment at 252 Fulton Street in DUMBO. Following his arrest, Mark was found to possess many false papers, including two American birth certificates. Goldfus disappeared about April 26, 1957. Can you break this dollar bill for me?. In April 1957 (the same month Hayhanen boarded a ship for Europe under instructions to return to Moscow), Goldfus had told a few persons in the Fulton Street building that he was going South on a seven-week vacation. He had returned to the Soviet Union in October 1956. AP Follow Russia Beyond on Facebook The story of a Soviet. Why, weve never seen a hollow coinor, for that matter, even heard of one before.. Although Abel was convicted and the case appealed up to the Supreme Court 1 Donovan was able to convince the court not to impose a death sentence. His work at Nuremberg won him the Legion of Merit Medal and retirement as a Navy commander.
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