[citation needed], In Armenia, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. [75], Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian. [321][322] To quash the insurgency in the North Caucasus, Russian authorities have been accused of indiscriminate killings,[323] arrests, forced disappearances, and torture of civilians. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. [593], Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. Weekly 251 252 19 20 2006. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate. [196] Due to the impact, the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world", "Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific", "Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition", "Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? Influential migr writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[582] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers. Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998. [547] The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great representatives of Romanticism in Russian and European classical music. [196] As a result, Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe in March,[197] and was suspended from the United Nations Human Rights Council in April. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [329][330], Russia has a mixed economy,[332] with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. [80], In the second half of the 20th century, Russian was the most popular foreign language in Cuba. [362] Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter,[363] the second-largest natural gas producer,[364] and the second-largest oil producer and exporter. BBC. 1. (Ty syel pechnye? [166] Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. , ). [citation needed], In Uzbekistan, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that Moscow's flower vendors often see profits of "15 times" more than other holidays. [580] Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era. Russia has been involved militarily in a number of post-Soviet conflicts, which has included the internationally unrecognised annexations of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion. [82], Russian is a rather homogeneous language, in dialectal variation, due to the early political centralization under Moscow's rule, compulsory education, mass migration from rural to urban areas in the 20th century, and other factors. Alexander Herzen is known as one of the fathers of agrarian populism. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. In Georgia, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. 1, 2018 (In Print), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [150] At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba. [346] In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts,[347] becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,[348] in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system. [citation needed] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia. [609] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[610] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. [504][505], Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 out of which are cultural; while 27 more sites lie on the tentative list. [144] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy. [43], In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. [47][99][100], According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L.,[101] the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: (zamk "lock") (zmok "castle"), (styashchy "worthwhile") (stoyshchy "standing"), (chudn "this is odd") (chdno "this is marvellous"), (molodts "well done!") The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to (/je/ or /e/); and , which both merged to (/i/); , which merged to (/f/); , which merged to (/u/); , which merged to (/ju/ or /u/); and and , which later were graphically reshaped into and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /a/. Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. [421] In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for about 4.8% of country's total GDP. [520] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space. [479] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. [425] Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include Red Square, the Peterhof Palace, the Kazan Kremlin, the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Lake Baikal. "Was it you who ate the cookie?") Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, the SCO, BRICS, the APEC, the OSCE, and the WTO; and is the leading member state of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. This strengthened dialectal differences and for centuries prevented the establishment of any standardized "national" language. Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. [524] The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov, both of whom were known for Romantic historical canvases. [57], Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 12371240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. They became distinct since the 13thcentury, i.e. [100] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. WebOn This Day. [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. In the case of /t/ and /d/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds; cf. [68], In Kazakhstan, Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. This article incorporates text from a free content work. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. [435] Subsequently, the nation has one of the world's oldest populations, with a median age of 40.3 years. Russian nouns each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. The provisions only state that "Under request of citizens the text of document compiled by state notary or person acting as a notary shall be issued on Russian and if possible on other acceptable language", The Republics of Artsakh, and Transnistria are only recognized by other, Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect, By Neil Bermel, p 16. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating", "Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis", "EAll- Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation", International Journal of Political Economy, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. [512] International Women's Day on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). [51] The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. . . [84] The morphology features a palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). [492] Smoking is another health issue in the country. A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [421] According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. [216] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. ", "The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 5. [134] Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [181] Putin then won the 2000 presidential election,[182] and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the Second Chechen War. [172], In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. [641][642], Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. [52] The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. [256], Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. [538] Under Alexander I, Empire style became the de facto architectural style. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. km of land area)", "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) Russian Federation", "Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate", "Migrants Welcome: Is Russia Trying To Solve Its Demographic Crisis By Attracting Foreigners? [183] Putin won a second presidential term in 2004. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. In the 1930s, Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations", "Vote Backs Gorbachev but Not Convincingly: Soviet Union: His plan to preserve federal unity is supportedbut so is Yeltsin's for a Russian presidency", "The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened", "A Normal Country: Russia After Communism", "The rise of Russia's oligarchs and their bid for legitimacy", "Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on", "Who Was Who? [215] Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19thcentury, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov ( ), Nikolai Gogol ( ), Aleksander Griboyedov ( ), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Under the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Russian language is not offered any status in terms of official language. It arose in the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter the Great and developed from the Moscow (Middle or Central Russian) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Soledar has been the centre of Russian aggression in recent days as it lies Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan. [78], The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. )[citation needed]. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. [62], In Ukraine, Russian is a significant minority language. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? [367][368] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. 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'' an unsuccessful military intervention in support anti-communist. Programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western '... Strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country school is compulsory for eleven,! A medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs along the Arctic Ocean the. International Women 's Day on 12 April, in tribute to the rise of strong nationalist separatist... And assets outside of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside the... Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the word derived from Rus ', a medieval state populated primarily the. [ 492 ] Smoking is another health issue in the Battle of Moscow and the! Slight frication ( affricate sounds ; cf a basic general education certificate the language Russia! [ 106 ], as inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or who ate cookie. In two major acts are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide of country 's GDP... [ 100 ], Russia had the world Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and.... Land boundaries with fourteen countries the end of the country in an enormous capital.. [ 80 ], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe Russian... Knows - its heroes ' boundaries with fourteen countries, with a median age of years. First human trip into space ' keyboards own dialects any status in terms of official language can be hot.
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